Therapeutic binding agents against MUC-1 antigen and methods for their use

ABSTRACT

The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising binding agents that specifically bind to tumor-associated MUC-1 and reduce, reverse or prevent their effects in cancer. More particularly, the invention provides therapeutic compositions that comprise a binding agent that can specifically bind to an epitope that comprises both peptide and carbohydrate on such tumor-associated MUC-1. The invention further provides methods for the use of such therapeutic compositions in the treatment of cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to therapeutic compositions for the treatment ofcancer. More particularly, the invention relates to the therapeutictreatment of cancers which express the MUC-1 antigen.

SUMMARY OF THE RELATED ART

The tumor-associated antigen MUC1 is a high-molecular weightglycoprotein that is expressed on many adenocarcinomas. Gendler, et al.,J. Biol. Chem. 265:15286, 1990, Gendler, et al., P.N.A.S. U.S.A.,84:6060, 1987, Siddiqui, et al., P.N.A.S. U.S.A. 85:2320, 1988, andLigtenberg, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:5573, 1990 teach that theextracellular domain of the integral membrane glycoprotein consistsmainly of 30 to 90 tandem repeats of a 20 amino acid core sequence thatis rich in serine, threonine and proline, GSTAPPAHGVTSAPDTRPAP.Burchell, et al., Cancer Surv. 18:135, 1993, teaches that the number ofrepeats expressed by an individual is genetically determined, resultingin size polymorphism.

Price, et al. Breast 2:3, 1993, teaches that the minimum sequencerecognition of most MUC1 reactive monoclonal antibodies all lie withinAPDTRPAP, which is believed to be a type 1β-turn. Burchell, et al.Cancer Surv. 18:135, 1993, discloses that the sequence SAPDTRP in theMUC1 tandem repeat is an immunodominant B cell epitope and that a T cellepitope of the tandem repeat has been mapped to the pentamer, PDTRP.Adjacent amino acids and sugar residues may play an important role inthe binding in the native molecule. A large number of tandem repeats maybe present in the MUC1 mucin, ranging between 30 and 90 per molecule.

Tumor MUC-1 are generally hypoglycosylated and the glycosylation sitesoften have aberrant sugar chain extensions. Magnani, et al., Cancer Res.43:5489, 1983, teaches that this aberrant glycosylation results in theexposure of normally cryptic peptide epitopes and the creation of novelcarbohydrate epitopes. Because of their high molecular weight(2×10⁵−5×10⁷ dalton) as well as extensive glycosylation, cell membranemucins exist as flexible rods and protrude at a relatively greatdistance from the cell surface. Mucins thus form an important componentof the glycocalyx and are probably the first point of cellular contactwith antibodies and cells of the immune system.

Rittenhouse, et al., Lab. Med. 16:556, 1985; Price, et al., Breast 2:3,1993; Metzgar, et al, P.N.A.S. U.S.A. 81:5242, 1984; Magnani, et al.,Cancer Res. 43:5489, 1983; Burchell, et al., Int. J. Cancer 34:763,1984; Linsley, et al., Cancer Res. 46:5444, 1986; and Neutra, et al., inPhysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Johnson, L. R. ed., 2 edition,Raven Press, New York, p 975-1009, 1987, teach that normal tissue mucinsare usually only displayed and secreted on the apical surfaces ofepithelial cells, specifically, the mucosal surfaces. Ho, et al., CancerRes. 53:641, 1993, teaches that the MUC1 mucin is highly expressed onthe apical membranes of bronchus, breast, salivary gland, pancreas,prostate, and uterus, and sparingly expressed on gastric surface cells,gall bladder, small intestine and colonic epithelium. Cell surface MUC-1may serve important functions, including protection against proteolyticdegradation and providing a barrier against microbial toxins. Jentoff,Trends Biol. Sci. 15:291,1990; Parry, et al., Exp. Cell Res. 188:302,1990; Wong, et al., J. Immunol. 144:1455, 1990; Devine and Mackenzie,BioEssays 14:619, 1993 teach that they can also serve as lubrication forepithelial surfaces, presentation of carbohydrate receptors formicro-organisms to assist in their elimination, for selection ofsymbiotic strains in competition with pathogens, for transmembranesignal-transduction, cell-cell interactions, regulation of cell growth,as well as maintenance of polarity.

Tumor mucins are thought to serve a critical function for tumor survivalin the body. They may protect tumor cells from the low pH caused by highmetabolic activity within the tumor. MUC1 is thought to inhibit tumorcells from forming tight aggregates with the tumor tissue therebyincreasing metastatic potential. Regimbald et al., Cancer Res. 56:4244,1996, teaches that MUC1 is involved in the homing of circulating tumorcells to distant sites by its molecular interaction with ICAM1 presenton normal cells.

Mucins may also protect tumor cells from recognition by the immunesystem. Devine and MacKenzie, BioEssays 14:619, 1993, teaches that whenMUC-1 are shed into the circulation, they may play a role in theobserved tumor-specific immune-suppression possibly by providing sterichindrance to cell surface antigens to cellular and humoral immuneeffectors. Codington, et al., in Biomembranes, Mansoe, L.A., ed., PlenumPub. Corp, New York, pp 207-259, 1983; Miller, et al., J. Cell Biol.72:511, 1977; Hull, et al., Cancer Commun. 1:261, 1989, teach that cellmembrane MUC-1 can mask other cell-surface antigens and protect cancercells from immune attack.

Rising concentrations of tumor-associated MUC-1 in the patient's serumhave also been correlated with increasing tumor burdens indicatingprogression of disease. Price et al., Breast 2:3, 1993 and Pihl et al.,Pathol. 12:439, 1980, teach that high serum levels of MUC-1 arecorrelated with poor prognosis in cancer patients.

There is, therefore, a need for new therapeutic compositions which canselectively bind tumor-associated MUC-1 and reduce, reverse or preventtheir effects in cancer. Kufe, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,343, 1996, teachesthat tumor-associated MUC-1 antibody specificity can only be achievedwhen fully unglycosylated peptide is recognized by the antibody.Unfortunately, however, this antibody has not been shown to betherapeutically effective against a tumor that expresses atumor-associated MUC-1. While tumor-associated MUC-1 has reduced andaltered glycosylation, they still retain carbohydrate structuresspecific for the cancer. There is, therefore, a particular need for atherapeutic composition that comprises a binding agent that can bind toan epitope of a MUC-1 that includes both peptide and tumor specificcarbohydrate.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising bindingagents that specifically bind to tumor-associated MUC-1 and reduce,reverse or prevent their effects in cancer. More particularly, theinvention provides therapeutic compositions that comprise a bindingagent that can specifically bind to an epitope that comprises bothpeptide and carbohydrate on such tumor-associated MUC-1. The inventionfurther provides methods for the use of such therapeutic compositions inthe treatment of cancer. The present inventors have surprisinglydiscovered that the relative specificity for tumor associated MUC-1 isnot necessarily sacrificed in the case of binding agents that recognizean epitope that includes carbohydrate. The compositions and methodsaccording to the invention provide new promise for therapeutic treatmentof tumors that produce tumor-associated MUC-1 antigens.

In a first aspect, the invention provides therapeutic compositionscomprising binding agents that specifically bind to tumor-associatedMUC-1 and that are effective in reducing tumor burden or prolongingsurvival in a mammal having a tumor that expresses a tumor-associatedMUC-1. In certain preferred embodiments, the MUC-1 is human MUC-1.Preferred binding agents bind specifically to MUC-1 epitopes thatinclude carbohydrate. Particularly preferred binding agents includepeptides or peptidomimetics, including antibodies and antibodyderivatives.

In a second aspect, the invention provides methods for therapeuticallytreating a mammal bearing a tumor that comprises tumor-associated MUC-1antigen. The methods according to this aspect of the invention compriseadministering to the mammal an effective amount of a binding agentaccording to the invention. Preferably, the binding agent isadministered intravenously or subcutaneously at low dosages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows results of a survival study of mice administered bindingagents according to the invention and control mice.

FIG. 2 shows results of studies of Ab2 production in mice administeredbinding agents according to the invention and control mice.

FIG. 3 shows results of studies showing that tumor cells can act as APCsto generate binding agent-specific T cell responses.

FIG. 4 shows results of tumor reduction studies of mice administeredbinding agents according to the invention and control mice.

FIG. 5 shows results of tumor reduction studies of hPBL-reconstitutedSCID mice administered binding agents according to the invention.

FIG. 6 shows results of tumor reduction studies using a binding agent ofthe invention coupled with a photodynamic agent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention relates to therapeutic compositions for the treatment ofcancer. More particularly, the invention relates to the therapeutictreatment of cancers which express the MUC-1 antigen. The patents andpublications recited herein reflect the knowledge in this field and arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflictbetween the teachings of any of these references and the presentspecification, the latter shall prevail.

The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising bindingagents that specifically bind to an epitope of tumor-associated MUC-1and reduce, reverse or prevent their effects in cancer. Moreparticularly, the invention provides therapeutic compositions thatcomprise a binding agent that can specifically bind to an epitope thatcomprises both peptide and carbohydrate on such tumor-associated MUC-1.The invention further provides methods for the use of such therapeuticcompositions in the treatment of cancer. The compositions and methodsaccording to the invention provide new promise for therapeutic treatmentof tumors that produce tumor-associated MUC-1 antigens.

In a first aspect, the invention provides therapeutic compositionscomprising binding agents that specifically bind to tumor-associatedMUC-1 and that are effective in therapeutically treating a mammal havinga tumor that expresses a tumor-associated MUC-1. In certain preferredembodiments, the MUC-1 is human MUC-1. As used herein, the term“therapeutically treat” or “therapeutically treating” means causingstatistically significant reduction in tumor volume, or causingstatistically significant prolongation of survival in the mammal bearingthe tumor. A “binding agent” is a molecule or macromolecule which bindsunder physiological conditions to MUC-1 and inhibits its biologicalactivity. “Specifically binds” and “binds under physiologicalconditions” mean forming a covalent or non-covalent association with anaffinity of at least 10⁶M⁻¹, most preferably at least 10⁹M⁻¹, either inthe body, or under conditions which approximate physiological conditionswith respect to ionic strength, e.g., 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂. As apractical matter, such binding in the body may be inferred fromreduction of tumor burden or prolonged survival. In preferredembodiments, the binding agent specifically binds an epitope thatcontains an immunological determinant that includes carbohydrate. TumorMUC-1 are generally hypoglycosylated and the glycosylation sites arefilled with aberrant sugar chain extensions, thus, distinguishing normalfrom tumor MUC-1. Aberrant glycosylation results in the exposure ofnormally cryptic peptide epitopes and the creation of novel carbohydrateepitopes. Preferred binding agents according to the invention can bindto these novel epitopes. An “epitope” is a portion of an antigen whichis bound under physiological conditions by a binding agent according tothe invention. An “immunological determinant” is a three-dimensionalshape which contributes to the overall three-dimensional shape of anepitope. In preferred embodiments, the binding agent binds an epitopethat comprises immunological determinants from amino acid residues of apeptide having the amino acid sequence DTRPAP. An “amino acid residue”is an amino acid as it is in place in a particular peptide. “Inhibitionof biological activity”, as used herein, means a statisticallysignificant reduction in tumor burden, or a statistically significantprolongation of survival in an animal or patient bearing a tumor. Suchstatistically significant inhibition is illustrated in the exampleshereof. Certain preferred embodiments of binding agents according to theinvention are non-radiolabeled. Certain binding agents according to theinvention bind to both circulating and tumor-bound tumor-associatedMUC-1, wherein “tumor-associated” refers to the altered glycosylation ofMUC-1 made by tumor cells, rather than to its proximity to a tumor. Aparticularly preferred binding agent is Alt-1 (ATTC Patent DepositDesignation PTA-975).

Preferred tumors for treatment include, without limitation, breastcarcinoma, colon carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma and multiple myeloma.

Preferably, the binding agent according to the invention is a peptide ora peptidomimetic. For purposes of the invention, a “peptide” is amolecule comprised of a linear array of amino acid residues connected toeach other in the linear array by peptide bonds. Such peptides accordingto the invention may include from about three to about 500 amino acids,and may further include secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures, aswell as intermolecular associations with other peptides or othernon-peptide molecules. Such intermolecular associations may be through,without limitation, covalent bonding (e.g., through disulfide linkages),or through chelation, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobicinteractions, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipoleinteractions, or any combination of the above.

In certain preferred embodiments, such a binding agent comprises acomplementarity determining region of an antibody which binds underphysiological conditions to a MUC-1 epitope that includes carbohydrate,or a peptidomimetic of such a complementarity-determining region. Forpurposes of the invention, a “complementarity determining region” (CDR)of an antibody is that portion of an antibody which binds underphysiological conditions to an epitope, including any framework regionsnecessary for such binding, and which is preferably comprised of asubset of amino acid residues encoded by the human heavy chain V, D andJ regions, the human light chain V and J regions, and/or combinationsthereof. Certain preferred antibodies are xenogeneic antibodies, i.e.they are from a species that is different from the species beingadministered the antibody. Such antibodies will cause humananti-xenogeneic antibodies (HAXA) to be elicited. Preferred antibodiesinclude murine antibodies, which elicit a human anti-mouse antibody(HAMA) response.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that, given the antibodydisclosed herein, those skilled in the art are enabled to make a varietyof antibody derivatives. For example, Jones et al., Nature 321: 522-525(1986) discloses replacing the CDRs of a human antibody with those froma mouse antibody. Marx, Science 229: 455-456 (1985) discusses chimericantibodies having mouse variable regions and human constant regions.Rodwell, Nature 342: 99-100 (1989) discusses lower molecular weightrecognition elements derived from antibody CDR information. Clackson,Br. J. Rheumatol. 3052: 36-39 (1991) discusses genetically engineeredmonoclonal antibodies, including Fv fragment derivatives, single chainantibodies, fusion proteins chimeric antibodies and humanized rodentantibodies. Reichman et al., Nature 332: 323-327 (1988) discloses ahuman antibody on which rat hypervariable regions have been grafted.Verhoeyen, et al., Science 239: 1534-1536 (1988) teaches grafting of amouse antigen binding site onto a human antibody.

In addition, given the antibody disclosed herein, those skilled in theart are enabled to design and produce peptidomimetics having bindingcharacteristics similar or superior to such complementarity determiningregion (see e.g., Horwell et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4: 1573 (1996);Liskamp et al., Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays- Bas 1: 113 (1994); Gante et al.,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33: 1699 (1994); Seebach et al., Helv. Chim.Acta 79: 913 (1996)). Accordingly, all such antibody derivatives andpeptidomimetics thereof are contemplated to be within the scope of thepresent invention. Compositions according to the invention may furtherinclude physiologically acceptable diluents, stabilizing agents,localizing agents or buffers.

In some preferred embodiments, the binding agents according to theinvention are activated, preferably by chemical or photodynamicapproaches. Preferred chemical approaches include organic reducingagents, such as formamidine sulfonic acid, inorganic reducing agents,such as mercurous ion, stannous ion, cyanide ion, sodiumcyanoborohydride and sodium borohydride, thiol exchange reagents, suchas dithiothreitol, mercaptoethanol and mercaptoethanolamine, and proteinreducing agents, such as thioredoxin. Use of these reagents results inreduction of some disulfides within the binding agent to produce abinding agent having some sulfhydryl groups. The presence of such groupscan change the tertiary structure of the binding agent. Such structuralchange can modulate the immunoreactivity of the binding agent. Suchmodulation may lead to an improved anti-idiotypic response and/orcellular response in an individual to whom the binding agent isadministered.

In some embodiments, activation utilizes a photodynamic approach. See,e.g., international application PCT/US93/06388. The binding agent ispreferably irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, preferably in thespectrum range of from about 10 to about 820 nm. More preferably, atleast 90% and most preferably at least 99% of the radiation is in thespectrum range of 250 to 320 nm. Such UV radiation is convenientlysupplied from a source such as a hydrogen or deteurium discharge lamp, axenon arc lamp, or a mercury vapor lamp. Conventional filters may beemployed to obtain optimum spectrum wavelengths. (See eg.,Photochemistry, pp. 686-798 (John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1966).

In some preferred embodiments, the binding agents according to theinvention may optionally be coupled to photodynamic agents. Preferably,such coupling is by covalent linkage or by liposomal association.Liposomal association is preferably achieved by mixing the photodynamicagent with a binding agent in the presence of a liposome-formingreagent. In certain preferred embodiments, the binding agent accordingto the invention is covalently linked to the liposome-forming reagent.Preferred photodynamic agents include hypocrellins.

In some preferred embodiments, the binding agents according to theinvention specifically exclude the following monoclonal antibodies:HMPV, VU-3-C6, MF06, VU-11-D1, MF30, BCP8, DF3, BC2, B27.29, VU-3-D1,7540MR, MF11, Bc4E549, VU-11-E2, M38, E29, GP1.4, 214D4, BC4W154,HMFG-1, HMFG-2, C595, Mc5 and A76-A/C7. Each of these names are as usedin the literature relating to anti-MUC-1 antibodies.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that certainbinding agents of the present invention act through a mechanism thatgenerally includes an anti-idiotype network. In addition to theinduction of an anti-idiotype network, the administration of bindingagents according to the invention leads to the formation of complexeswith MUC-1, which is postulated to elicit a more effective presentationof the antigen to the immune system. The complex formation betweenantigen and antibody can have several effects. Preferred binding agentsaccording to the invention can bind both circulating and cellular MUC-1tumor-associated antigen. Thus, the possible immune suppressive effectof the MUC-1 antigen can be inactivated by removal of the complex fromcirculation. The complex between antigen and antibody can be directed toantigen-presenting cells, carrying Fc receptors or membrane Ig receptors(macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells). The enhanced uptake of antigenby specific antigen-presenting cells will lead to increased presentationof antigen-derived peptides to T cells. The complex formation betweenantigen and antibody can also change the way the antigen is processedwithin the antigen-presenting cell, exposing novel immune dormant orcryptic epitopes, thus overcoming tolerance to the tumor-associatedantigen. Because the binding agents according to the invention bind anepitope that is at least partially carbohydrate, they may also act toinhibit immune suppression by preventing interaction of the carbohydrateof lectin receptors on T cells. Of course, the embodiments of bindingagents according to the invention that are coupled to photodynamicagents can also act through direct cytotoxicity to the tumor cells.

Thus, in a second aspect, the invention provides methods fortherapeutically treating a mammal bearing a tumor that comprisestumor-associated MUC-1 antigen. The methods according to this aspect ofthe invention comprise administering to the mammal an effective amountof a binding agent according to the invention. Preferably, the bindingagent is a peptide, or a peptidomimetic, most preferably an antibody orantibody derivative, or a peptidomimetic thereof. Preferably, the mammalis a human. The binding agent is preferably administered parenterally,more preferably intravenously or subcutaneously. In certain preferredembodiments, intravenous injection is carried out in the absence of anyadjuvant. In certain preferred embodiments, the binding agent isadministered subcutaneously in the presence of an adjuvant, such asRIBI. In certain embodiments, the binding agent is covalently linked toan immunogenic carrier molecule, such as KLH or xenogeneicimmunoglobulin. In certain preferred embodiments, the method accordingto the invention utilizes binding agents that are non-radiolabeled.Certain preferred embodiments of the method according to the inventionutilize binding agents that bind to both circulating and tumor-boundtumor-associated MUC-1, wherein “tumor-associated” refers to the alteredglycosylation of MUC-1 made by tumor cells, rather than to its proximityto a tumor.

Preferably, the binding agents are administered at a dosage of less thanabout 8 mg/30 kg body weight, preferably less than about 3 mg/30 kg bodyweight, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 mg/30 kg body weight,still more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/30 kg body weight,and most preferably at about 1 mg/30 kg body weight. In certainembodiments, the dosage will be the maximum amount of binding agent thatdoes not induce antibody-mediated toxicity. In certain embodiments, thedosage will be the maximum amount of binding agent that does not produceADCC OR CDC. In these embodiments, ADCC is assessed by incubating⁵¹Cr-labeled tumor cells with a binding agent according to the inventionand adding fresh human PBMCs, followed by incubation for 4 hours andmeasurement of specific lysis. ADCC is deemed to be absent if specificlysis is less than 15%. “Antibody-mediated toxicity” means clinicaltoxicity, such as abnormal serum chemistries, impaired renal function,signs and symptoms of serum sickness or anaphylaxis. In certainembodiments a single such dosage will therapeutically treat the mammal.In other embodiments, treatment may be ongoing, e.g., four times peryear for three or more years.

The term “effective amount” means an amount sufficient totherapeutically treat the mammal. The terms “therapeutically treat”,“therapeutically treating”, “binding agent”, “peptide”,“peptidomimetic”, “antibody” and “antibody derivative” are all used asdescribed for the first aspect of the invention.

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certainpreferred embodiments of the invention, and are not to be construed asnarrowing the scope of the invention. The binding agent used in thefollowing examples is Alt-1, unless otherwise specifically stated.

EXAMPLE 1 Generation of a Hybridoma to Produce a Binding Agent

A binding agent was prepared for use in the immunotherapy of patientswith tumors expressing the tumor associated antigen (TAA) known as MUC1(Taylor-Papadimitriou. Int. J. Cancer 49:1, 1990). The binding agent isan activated murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), an IgG_(1k) subclassimmunoglobulin. The binding agent binds with high affinity to MUC1, ahigh molecular weight glycoprotein that is expressed on many tumors (Ho,et al. Cancer Res. 53:641, 1993). The binding agent specificallyrecognizes the sequence DTRPAP within the MUC1 tandem repeat peptidesequence. This binding agent is referred to as Alt-1. The murine cellline or hybridoma that secretes the binding agent was generated byimmunizing mice with MUC1 and harvesting and immortalizing theantibody-secreting splenocytes. The steps involved in development of thehybridoma included (a) the immunization of BALB/cCrAltBM female micewith MUC1 from several sources; (b) harvesting the splenocytes from themice, (c) and immortalizing the splenocytes by fusing them with themyeloma cell line SP2/0-Ag14, (d) screening and selection of the desiredclone by assaying the secreted antibodies for ability to bind MUC1, (e)expansion of the selected clone in the appropriate media, (f) isotypeswitching of the clone from an IgM to an IgG, and (g) continued 0.2 μmfiltration and dilution using formulation buffer (10 mM sodiumpyrophosphate-HCl, pH 8.0). Specific binding of the binding agent toMUC1 expressing breast cancer cells and MUC1 transformed murine cellswas demonstrated by FACS, fluorescence microscopy and other bindingassays.

EXAMPLE 2 Purification, Preparation Activation and Formulation of aBinding Agent

Growth media was collected from the hybridoma according to Example 1.The binding agent was purified from the growth media by (a)clarification of the growth medium by microfiltration using a 0.22 μmfilter, (b) anion exchange chromatography on Q Sepharose® FF (AmershamPharmacia Biotech) in 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0 with a NaCl gradient from 40 mMat equilibrium to 130 mM at elution, This was followed by 0.22 μmmicrofiltration, (c) affinity chromatography on Protein A Sepharose® FF(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) with elution occurring after change inbuffer from 1.0 M glycine, 3.0 M NaCl, pH 8.8 for equilibration toelution buffer containing 200 mM glycine, 150 mM NaCl, pH 2.8, (d)incubation at pH 3.5 for 40 minutes, (e) nanometer filtration onViresolve filter (Millipore Corporation), followed by 0.22 μmmicrofiltration, (e) concentration and diafiltration by tangential flowultrafiltration using a 50 kD NMWCO Biomax membrane (MilliporeCorporation) followed by 0.22 μm microfiltration. Purified binding agentwas then activated in the following manner. Bulk fluid of purifiedbinding agent (5 mg/ml in low molarity phosphate, pH 5-10) was exposed,compounded with excipient (stannous chloride) and reducing agent (sodiumpyrophosphate) to 200-400 nm radiation, 90% at 300 nm +/−20 nm fromeight lamps at 3-9 watts per lamp to yield activated binding agent. Theactivated binding agent was supplied in vials containing 2 mg of theactivated binding agent in frozen or lyophilized form together with thesame reducing agent and buffer complex. Preparation of the finalformulation was performed under aseptic conditions not more than 4 hoursprior to the administration of the binding agent. The binding agent wasprepared by the following procedure using aseptic methods. We foldedback the metal tab on the top of the binding agent vial and swabbed therubber septum with alcohol. In a suitable syringe, was drawn up 2.0 mLof Sodium Chloride Injection USP and it was added to the vial. We mixedthe vial contents by gently swirling the vial to form the binding agentsolution. We did not mix vigorously as this may result in the formationof foam. We noted the clock time immediately after this step. The vialwas examined to ensure that the solution was free of foreign orparticulate matter.

EXAMPLE 3 Reaction of a Binding Agent with Normal and Tumor Tissues

The tissue reactivity of a binding agent according to Example 2 wastested by immunohistochemical procedures using the avidin-biotinamplified immunoperoxidase technique of staining frozen tissues. In apreliminary study, the binding agent was used to examine the expressionand distribution of the MUC1 antigen in a selected panel of normal humantissues and human tumors and to determine the optimal concentration ofantibody or final product for specific staining of MUC1-expressingtissues. Specific staining was observed in tumor cells of breast, colonand lung as well as in epithelial cells of normal breast, kidney, largeintestine and lung. In a second study, the binding and distribution ofthe binding agent to a broader panel of normal human tissues and humantumors was performed using an isotype-matched antibody (MOPC-21) as acontrol. Specific staining with the binding agent was noted in breastcarcinoma, colon carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,pancreatic carcinoma and prostate carcinoma. Some specific staining wasalso observed in melanomas and sarcomas. Staining with the binding agentwas also observed in some normal human tissues and was primarilylocalized to epithelial cells. These results are consistent withliterature reports on the expression of MUC1 peptide and MUC1 mRNA innormal human tissues and human tumors, and demonstrate the reactivity ofa binding agent according to the invention to these tissues.

EXAMPLE 4 Generation of an Anti-idiotype Response

The binding agent of Example 2 possesses variable regions specific forantigen (MUC1) recognition known as idiotypes. These variable regionsare themselves immunogenic and can generate a series of anti-idiotypicantibodies known as Ab2. Some of these Ab2 can effectively mimic thethree-dimensional structure or the peptide sequence of the originalantigen (MUC1) and can be used to generate specific immune responsessimilar to those induced by the original antigen. Accordingly,administration of the binding agent is expected to generate antigenmimics or internal image antibodies in the form of Ab2, which cangenerate the specific anti-MUC1 immune response. To demonstrate theinduction of Ab2 by the binding agent, BALB/c mice were immunized withbinding agent conjugated to KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin), incombination with RAS adjuvant (RIBI Adjuvant System). KLH and theadjuvant were included in these experiments to enhance the normally weakimmune response in a mouse to a mouse antibody (as antigen). Anisotype-matched antibody served as a control. After each of sixinjections (alternating between intraperitoneal and subcutaneousadministration), sera were analyzed in a sandwich assay using F(ab′)₂fragments of binding agent on the solid phase. Bound murine antibodieswere detected by goat anti-mouse IgG-(F_(c)-specific)-HRP as a tracer.Injection of binding agent conjugated to KLH did result in theproduction of anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab2) that was greater than anisotype-matched control MAb. A minimum of four injections at a dose of50 μg/mouse (0.83 mg/m²) was required to induce a measurable humoralresponse. In order to demonstrate that the anti-binding agent (Ab2) inthe serum was of the type Ab2(β), the binding to binding agent wastested in the presence of MUC1. This binding was inhibited by thepresence of MUC1 as would be expected for an Ab2(β) type antibody. Ab3antibodies were measured in the serum samples by using a MUC1 ELISA.Anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) could be detected in the sera ofmice immunized with binding agent versus the control sera. Similar tothe Ab2 levels, the Ab3 levels reached their peak after six injections.In addition, a murine monoclonal Ab2 generated against binding agent wasused in turn to generate anti-anti-idiotypic (Ab3) antibodies in rats.Two out of the three rats thus immunized demonstrated positive bindingto the murine monoclonal Ab2. Generation of anti-MUC1 antibodies in adifferent species was considered to be an important criterion forclassification of an Ab2β, in addition to the ability to inhibit thebinding between Ab1 and Ab2 by the nominal antigen, i.e. MUC1.

EXAMPLE 5 Induction of a Cellular Response

T cell proliferation studies showed a specific response to the injectedbinding agent according to Example 2 and MUC1, indicating the presenceof idiotype-specific T cells (T2) and anti-idiotype-specific T cells(T3). In addition, the murine monoclonal Ab2 was also evaluated for itsability to be recognized by MUC1-specific T cells. The proliferation ofsuch T cells in response to Ab2 was monitored by ³H-Thymidine uptake andcompared to MUC1. The assay was performed as a ³H-Thymidine uptakestudy. Spleens were removed from each group of immunized mice and thelymphocytes were separated from red blood cells on Histopaque 1077(Sigma). Cells were seeded at a concentration of 2×10⁵ cells/well in 100μL of AIM-V serum free medium (Gibco) into a 96-well U-bottomed plate(Becton Dickinson). The stimulants were added in triplicate andincubated with the cells for 3 days. The cells were pulsed with 1 μCi[³H-methyl] Thymidine per well for 24 hours. The cells were harvested ina cell harvester (Skatron) and the radioactivity assayed in a betacounter (Beckman). Stimulators included MUC-1, MUC-1 peptide, anti-MUC-1antibodies, control antibodies and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Ab2 andMUC1 show similar reactivity providing further evidence of the cellularimmune response.

EXAMPLE 6 Determination of Dose Regimen

The dose response of binding agent according to Example 2 for thedevelopment of rat anti-murine antibodies (RtAMA) and rat anti-idiotypicantibodies (Ab2) was investigated in normal rats. Male Sprague-Dawleyrats were immunized with binding agent at doses ranging from 26 μg to213 μg by intravenous administration and one dose at 106 μg bysubcutaneous administration. Immunizations were performed five times atintervals of 2 weeks. Baseline and test serum samples (one weekfollowing injection) were obtained from each rat. Two ELISA assays weredeveloped to measure RtAMA and Ab2. The RtAMA ELISA measures the amountof antibody that binds to the constant region of a Mouse IgG1 antibody.The Ab2 ELISA measures the amount of antibody reactive with the bindingregion of the binding agent. A dose of 53 μg (1.3 mg/m²), appeared to beoptimal in inducing RtAMA via intravenous injection. Injection of theantibody subcutaneously with adjuvant induced much stronger responses,three times higher than the same dose injected intravenously and twotimes higher than the most effective intravenous dose (1.3 mg/m²). Adose of 1.3 mg/m² induced a persistent RtAMA response. Higher doses seemto induce anergy, since the response decreased with increasing number ofinjections at 2.6 mg/m² and no response was obtained with the highestdose tested (5.2 mg/m²). Binding agent also induced an anti-idiotypicresponse, however, the response was not proportional to the doseinjected. It was observed that the same dose effective for RtAMA wasalso the optimum dose for induction of anti-idiotypic antibodies. In theintravenous dosing schedule, a dose of 1.3 mg/m² was the only doseeffective in inducing a strong Ab2 response. Using a subcutaneousinjection of the antibody produced a better response, with asubcutaneous dose of 2.6 mg/m³ inducing the strongest Ab2 responseoverall. Overall, correlation was observed between the RtAMA and Ab2responses, showing optimum responses for the same intravenouslyadministered doses. However, the absolute amounts of Ab2 and RtAMAcannot be directly compared. It appears that a dose of 1.3 mg/m²(equivalent to approximately 2 mg /60 kg patient) is optimal to induce ahumoral response after intravenous injection of binding agent. RtAMAcould be detected as early as week 6 after the first immunization andAb2 at week 4 (subcutaneous immunization) or week 10 (intravenousimmunization). The intravenous route required more immunizations toinduce an immune response than the subcutaneous route. This weakerimmune response may be due to the reduced immunogenicity of mouseproteins in this related species, rats. From these experiments, itappears that the suggested dose for therapeutic treatment is about 2 mgper patient, not taking into account any effect of circulating antigenon the immune response.

EXAMPLE 7 Confirmation of Dose Regimen

Similar to the study performed in rats, a dose escalation study wasperformed to investigate the dose required to induce an immune responsein rabbits. Rabbits were used to more closely approximate the responseseen in humans (recognition as foreign) to murine MAbs than either ratsor mice. Rabbits were immunized with various amounts of the antibody andserum samples were analyzed for Ab2 and Rabbit-Anti Mouse Antibodies(RAMA).Female New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with bindingagent according to Example 2 at three dose levels (125, 250 and 500 μg)by intravenous administration and one dose (125 μg) by subcutaneousadministration. Baseline and test serum samples (obtained approximatelyevery 2 weeks) were obtained from each rabbit. Two ELISA assays weredeveloped to measure RAMA and Ab2. The RAMA ELISA measures the amount ofantibody that binds to the constant region of a Mouse IgG1 antibody. TheAb2 ELISA measures the amount of antibody reactive with the bindingregion of the binding agent. The RAMA response represents the humoralresponse of the host to the constant regions of the injected murineantibody. A dose of 0.575 mg/m² was injected subcutaneously as apositive control. Three different doses were injected intravenously:0.575, 1.15 and 2.3 mg/m². The RAMA response was strongest in rabbitsinjected intravenously with 250 μg/rabbit of MAb-ALT-1, followed by thesubcutaneous injection of 125 μg/rabbit, the intravenous injection of500 μg/rabbit and the intravenous injection of 125 μg/rabbit. Thebinding agent induced an immune response in rabbits as both Ab2 and RAMAwere found in samples from the first to last bleed. A dose of 250μg/rabbit (1.15 mg/m², equivalent to 2 mg/60 kg patient) inducedthe-highest responses for both types of antibody, Ab2 and RAMA. Theinduced Ab2 could be inhibited by MUC1 but not the MUC1 peptide orCA19.9. The binding agent also induced an anti-idiotypic response inrabbits; however, the Ab2 response was not directly correlated with thedose injected. It was observed that a dose of 250 μg/rabbit gave thehighest Ab2 response of the three intravenously administered doses.Subcutaneous injection of the antibody at 125 μg/rabbit induced thestrongest Ab2 response overall. The induced Ab2 competed with MUC1 butnot the MUC1 peptide at the concentrations examined. It is interestingto note that the route of administration affects the type of immuneresponse. The Ab2 response was strongest in subcutaneously immunizedrabbits, whereas the general RAMA response was best in rabbits injectedintravenously. Overall, the RAMA and Ab2 responses correlated, showingoptimum responses for the same intravenously administered doses. Theseresults demonstrate that a dose of 1.15 mg/m² (equivalent to 2 mg/60 kgpatient) was optimal to induce a humoral response after the intravenousinjection of MAb-ALT-1. RAMA and Ab2 could be detected as early as week2 after the first immunization. Therefore, the immune response inrabbits was superior to the antibody response in rats (detection at week8 for intravenous administration). Therefore, from these experiments,the suggested dose for therapeutic treatment is about 2 mg per 60 kgpatient, not taking into account any effect of circulating antigen onthe immune response.

EXAMPLE 8 Initial Tumor Treatment Studies

Tumor cells used in the animal model should have both host compatibilityand MUC1 expression. Only a MUC1 gene transfected mouse tumor cell linequalifies as a model in mice. Two MUC1 transfectoma cell lines, MT and413BCR were evaluated. Both of these cell lines are derived from themouse mammary carcinoma cell line 410.4 and were transfected with thefull length MUC1 gene containing more than 20 tandem repeat epitopes.Both cell lines are compatible with BALB/c and CBGF1 mice. These celllines highly express the MUC1 antigen as analyzed by binding of bindingagent according to Example 2 to these cells by FACS analysis. MT cellswere injected intravenously into CB6F1 mice and implanted in the lungs.Tumor foci appeared in the lungs 30-40 days after injection and the micedied at 50-60 days without treatment. Histopathological analysis alsoconfirmed tumor in the lung and MUC1 expression on the tumor tissue.This cell line does not form tumors subcutaneously, even when injectedat a relatively high concentration of 2×10⁷ cells per mouse. With 413BCRcells, BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously in the flank or mammaryfat pad at various cell concentrations (2.5-5×10⁶ cells per mouse).Tumors developed within 10-15 days and there was a lower rejection ratewhen the tumors were transplanted into the mammary fat pad. Fortherapeutic studies, tumors were measured for tumor volume according tothe formula: (a×b²)/2, where a represents the longest diameter and brepresents the shortest diameter. To verify MUC1 expression of thetransfectoma in vivo, MT tumor-bearing mice were sacrificed and thelungs were aseptically removed. The tumor tissue was removed from thelungs, cut into small pieces and digested with trypsin for 10 minutes.The tumor cells were then cultured for three days and FACS analysis wasperformed. The results indicated that more than 80% of the MTtransfectoma cells were expressing the MUC1 antigen after 1 month ofgrowth in vivo. The binding ability of the antibody-KLH conjugate (KLHwas used to increase the immunogenicity of the murine antibody in mice)to the MUC1 antigen was measured by two methods, ELISA and RIA, anddemonstrated the ability of the immunogens to recognize their targets invivo. Two different types of adjuvants, RAS (RIBI Adjuvant System) andQuil A were employed in these studies. RAS is a stable oil-in-wateremulsion containing highly purified bacterial components fromMycobacterium tuberculosis, the organism that is the major component inFreund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA). Quil A is a surface-active agent usedas an alternative but can only be injected subcutaneously. Bothadjuvants were used in separate experiments. Serum samples obtainedthroughout the experiments were analyzed by ELISA for Ab2 and/or Ab3content. A lymphocyte proliferation assay was performed by determinationof ³H-Thymidine uptake by a standard protocol using lymphocytes isolatedfrom the spleens of immunized mice. Stimulants included MUC1, MUC1peptide, anti-MUC1 antibodies, control antibodies and phytohemagglutinin(PHA). At the end of each experiment with CB6F1 mice, animals weresacrificed and the number of tumor foci in the lungs was analyzed by adirect counting technique. Additionally, in a select group of mice,¹²⁵I-deoxy-Uridine was injected into the mice 4 hours prior to animaltermination. The lungs were assayed for radioactivity in a gamma counterto enumerate tumor burden. The immune responses and efficacy of bindingagent, binding agent-KLH, binding agent-hIgG and binding agent-MUC1complex were analyzed in both tumor-bearing BALB/c and tumor-bearingCB6F1 mice.

The first series of experiments evaluated the effect of a conjugate ofbinding agent according to Example 2 (KLH) or a complex (bindingagent-MUC1) on the induction of a humoral response (anti-mouse antibody,Ab2 and Ab3), a cellular response (T cell proliferation) as well as theeffect of these compounds on tumor growth and/or size. Mice wereimplanted with 413BCR tumor cells 2 weeks after the start of theimmunization series (either subcutaneous, intravenous or a combinationof both routes). It was found that that a humoral response is induced inmice treated with both the conjugated and complexed binding agent. Aso-called T2 cellular response to the binding agent was induced in thesemice, but the T3 population (responsive to MUC1 or MUC1 peptide) was notobvious (T2 are Ab1 idiotype-specific T cells and T3 are Ab2idiotype-specific T cells). A trend for reduction in tumor mass and sizein mice treated with conjugated or complexed binding agent was alsodemonstrated, although statistical significance was not demonstrated inthese studies.

EXAMPLE 9 Confirmatory Tumor Treatment Studies

Series 1 and 2 from the BALB/c mouse tumor model experiments wererepeated in the CB6F1 tumor model. Ab2, Ab3 and T cell proliferationwere again measured to determine humoral and cellular responses. Thenumber of tumor foci occurring in the mice after injection of thevarious formulations was also assessed in one series and an estimate. oftumor size was made by evaluating the uptake of ¹²⁵I uridine in vivo.The last in this series of experiments evaluated the ability of bindingagent according to Example 2 compared to control MAbs and PBS to affectthe survival of mice implanted with the lung tumor model. In thisconfirmatory set of experiments, it appears that a humoral and acellular response were induced in these mice, although no T cellresponse to MUC1 was observed. No significant reduction in tumor burdenwas observed, however, tumor size appeared to be reduced. There alsoappeared to be a survival advantage to mice injected with binding agentcompared to those injected with control MAb or PBS. As shown in FIG. 1,there was significant improvement in the survival in mice treated withMAb-ALT-1 over mice treated with PBS. The p-value, determined in theStudent's T test, for the treatment with MAB-ALT-1 over PBS treatmentwas <0.05. MAb-ALT-1, native antibody administered by intravenousinjection, demonstrates anti-tumor effects in he MT-CB6F1 mouse tumormodel. A minimum of three injections prior to inoculation of the tumorcells and four subsequent injections were necessary to demonstrate thiseffect, as previous experiments with fewer injections of the antibodywere not as efficacious (data not shown).

EXAMPLE 10 Microsphere-encapsulated Binding Agent

Since liposomal formulations of antibodies can augment idiotypicresponses, this study was performed to investigate the immune responsesof microsphere-encapsulated binding agent administered to human breasttumor-bearing mice. Binding agent was incorporated into PLGAmicrospheres by a double-emulsion technique. Each BALB/c mouse receivedan inoculation of 5×10⁶ 413BCR tumor cells subcutaneously on Study Day0. One week later, the mice, in groups of 4 animals, were divided intothe following treatment groups,: PBS, IgG-KLH, binding agent-KLH,microspheres (MS), binding agent-Monophosphoryl Lipid A microspheres(MPLA-MS), and MUC-1. Sera were diluted to 1/100 and Ab2 and Ab3responses were measured in ELISA prior to each immunization. Tumorvolumes were measured with calipers in two dimensions every second day.Microsphere encapsulated binding agent induced a superior idiotypicimmune response to that of binding agent conjugated with KLH or incomplex with MUC-1. Microsphere encapsulated binding agent showed somesuppression of tumor growth, but statistical significance not wasachieved. This may be due to the fact that mice were not pre-immunizedwith the antibody in this experiment.

EXAMPLE 11 Specificity for Tumor-associated MUC-1

The biological disposition of ^(99m)Tc-labeled binding agent was alsodetermined through its administration to immunodeficient (nude) miceimplanted with cultured human breast cancer (ZR-75-1) cells. These cellshave been previously tested and the expression of MUC1 antigen has beenconfirmed. The ^(99m)Tc-labeled binding agent was injected intravenously(20 μCi of ^(99m)Tc on 20 μg of binding agent) and the animals weresacrificed at 3, 6 and 24 hours post injection as per standard protocol.The organs and tissues of interest were removed and assayed forradioactivity in a gamma counter. A second non-MUC1 reactive antibody ofthe same subclass (^(99m)Tc-labeled MOPC-21) was similarly tested inanother group of animals at 6 and 24 hours post injection. The overallpattern of biodistribution between the two antibodies was similar formost organs with the exception of higher liver and spleen uptake for^(99m)Tc-labeled MOPC-21. This is most likely due to the higher amountof ^(99m)Tc high molecular weight aggregates present in the preparation,and significantly higher uptake of ^(99m)Tc-labeled binding agent in thetumor site. The difference in the mean tumor uptake of the tworadiolabeled MAbs was analyzed using an unpaired two-tailed t-test andfound to be statistically significant (p<0.001) at both 6 and 24 hourspost injection. Therefore, the non-specific tissue localization of^(99m)Tc-labeled binding agent appears to be typical to that of othersimilarly prepared IgG₁ murine monoclonal antibodies. This uptake isrepresentative of normal tissue accumulation processes, such as thoseassociated with tracer distribution and antibody metabolism, and isreflected in the high liver, blood and kidney values respectively. Thetumor uptake values represent an almost 5 fold increase in target tissueaccumulation for the ^(99m)Tc-labeled binding agent relative to the^(99m)Tc-labeled MOPC-21 preparation at 24 hours post injection. Thishighly significant difference is almost certainly indicative ofpreferential ⁹⁹Tc-labeled binding agent retention due to specificantigen binding within MUC1 expressing tumor xenograft tissue. Thisuptake resulted in a continuous rise of tumor to blood ratios with timeand reaches a high of 2.1 at 24 hours. This is in comparison to a valueof less than 1.0 for most other tissues (except for kidney at 1.5),implying active specific retention of the tracer.

EXAMPLE 12 Preferential Binding of Glycosylated MUC-1

ZR-75-1 cells, which express MUC-1 glycoprotein on their surface weredeglycosylated by treatment with 4 mM Phenyl-N-α-D-Glucosamide at 37° C.for 48 hr. Binding of the binding agent according to Example 2 wascompared for the untreated and deglycosylated MUC-1 by FACScan analysisusing Alt-1 or a control antibody (SM3) known to bind an all peptideepitope of MUC-1. As shown in Table 1, there was a slight preference inbinding for the untreated MUC-1. These results demonstrate that thebinding agent binds an epitope that includes at least some carbohydrate.FACScan % positive cells; % positive cells; antibody glycosylated MUC-1unglycosylated MUC-1 PBS control 6.23 6.76 Alt-1 90.68 81.58 SM3 7.4941.26

EXAMPLE 13 Tumor Immunotherapy Using Xenogeneic Antibody

MUC-1 transfectant murine 413BCR tumor cells were inoculated into BALB/cmice. The mice were then injected five times (s.c.) with Alt-1 alone, orAlt-1 conjugated to KLH or hIgG. As controls, mouse IgG conjugated toKLH or hIgG was used. Immune responses were evaluated by measuringanti-idiotype antibodies (Ab2). For Ab2 detection, ELISA plates werecoated with 100 μl Alt-1 F(ab)₂ (2.5 μg/ml) and incubated with dilutedsamples. Bound Ab2 was detected using anti-mouse IgG (Fc-specific)conjugated to HRP and ABTS. The results are shown in FIG. 2 as the meanabsorbance at 405/492 nm +SD. These results show that Alt-1 presented ina xenogeneic context, or coupled with KLH results in production of Ab2,whereas neither Alt-1 nor the controls did. The ability of tumor cellsto act as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate T-cells specific forAlt-1 was assessed as follows. 413BCR cells were incubated with PHAmedium (positive control), Alt-1, hIgG, Alt-1 conjugated to hIgG, mouseanti-human antibodies (MAHA), or, Alt-1 conjugated to hIgG and mouseanti-human antibodies (MAHA) at 37° C. for 24 hours. Tumor cells wereused as APC to stimulate purified T cells obtained from mice immunizedwith hIgG. T cell proliferation was measured using [³H]-thymidineuptake. The results are shown in FIG. 3. Only the Alt-1 conjugated tohIgG and mouse anti-human antibodies (MAHA)-treated cells. These resultsindicate that when Alt-1 is presented in a xenogeneic context to tumorcells under conditions where the tumor cells can internalize it, thetreated tumor cells can act as APCs to produce a T cell responsespecific for Alt-1.

Anti-cancer effects were evaluated by weighing tumor masses. 413BCRtumor-bearing mice were injected five times (s.c.) with differentantibody formulations, as previously described. The mice were sacrificedat day 26, and the tumors were removed and weighed. The results areshown in FIG. 4 as mean +SD of tumors from 5 mice. Statistical analysiswas conducted by t-test. These results show that Alt-1 presented in axenogeneic context provides a statistical significant reduction in tumorload. Taken together, these results show that binding agents accordingto the invention can produce both an anti-idiotypic and a cellularresponse, and that this response is effective in the treatment oftumors.

EXAMPLE 14 Treatment of hPBL-reconstituted Tumor-bearing SCID Mice

SCID/BG mice were injected with 10⁷ hPBLs that had been stored at −80°C. Blood was collected from the mice on day 12 and tested for thepresence of hIgG to determine if the mice were reconstituted. Five outof seven injected mice were reconstituted. Reconstituted mice weretreated i.p. with PBS or 100 μg Alt-1 or a control IgG1 on day 0, withrepeated treatments on days 7 and 14. On day 17, the mice were implanteds.c. with 5×10⁶ tumor cells (NIH OVCAR-3)+20% matrigel. The mice werebled on day 21, and treated i.v. with PBS or 100 μg Alt-1 or a controlIgG1 on days 21 and 38. Mice were sacrificed on days 28, 32, 35, 39 and43 and their tumor volumes were measured. The results are shown in FIG.5. These results demonstrate that xenogeneic binding agent Alt-1provides statistically significant reduction in tumor volume even in theabsence of any adjuvant or carrier protein.

EXAMPLE 15 Preparation of a Binding Agent Conjugated to Hypocrellin

The long circulating, sterically stabilized HBBA-R2 liposome (SL) andimmunoliposome (SIL) formulations are composed ofDPPC/maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE (94:6 molar ratio) andDSPC/Cholesterol/maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE (64:30:6 molar ratio)respectively. Control HBBA-R2 liposomes (CL) are composed of DPPC/DPPG(9:1 molar ratio). DSPC, DPPC, DPPG and Cholesterol were purchased fromAvanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Ala., USA) and maleimide-PEG2000-DSPEwas purchased from Shearwater Polymers Inc. (Huntsville, Ala., USA).

Synthesis of hypocrellins utilizes art-recognized procedures (see e.g.,international application no. PCT/US98/00235). Two methods were used toload hypocrellins into liposomes. HBBA-R2 was either loaded intopre-formed SL and SIL by a solvent injection method at a 15:1 lipid todrug molar ratio or loaded into CL (15:1 lipid:drug) by a solventdilution method.

For the solvent dilution method, the lipids and drug are first mixedtogether from stock solutions in organic solvent then dried. Methanolwas added to give a final lipid concentration of 200 mM. Liposomes wereformed when the lipid/drug solution was slowly diluted to 10 mM lipid at65° C. with the addition of 500 μl aliquots of heated buffer (20 mMHEPES 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4). The resulting liposomes were purified by gelfiltration using Sephadex G50 and eluting with the above buffer.

For the solvent injection method, (HBBA-R2)-SL liposomes are firstprepared by hydrating a dried thin film to a final concentration of 10mM lipid 20 mM MOPSO 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.7. HBBA-R2 (10 mM in PEG300) isheated to 65° C. and injected, drop wise, into a 65° C. solution ofliposomes, incubated for 15 minutes. The resulting hypocrellin-liposomeswere extruded through 80 nm polycarbonate membranes using a LipexBiomembranes (North Vancouver, BC) extrusion device to give an averagevesicle size of 100 nm.

Immunoliposomes were produced as follows: The antibody was firstdissolved in 20 mM pyrophosphate buffer (pH8.0) then incubated with 30molar excess of 2-iminothiolane for 1 hour at 22° C. The thiolatedantibody was purified and the pH lowered by gel chromatography using 20mM MOPSO 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.7 buffer. The thiolated antibody wasincubated at a concentration of 25-50 μg MAb/μmole lipid overnight at22° C. with a portion of the maleimide-liposomes described above. Bothsets of liposomes with and without bound antibody were purified by gelfiltration, using Sepharose CL-4B and eluting with 20 mM HEPES 140 mMNaCl, pH 7.4 buffer. Approximately 90-95% of the antibody was bound tothe liposomes.

The hypocrellin-liposomes solutions were concentrated using SartoriousAG. (Goettingen, Germany) Centrisart I centrifugal concentrators(300,000 MW cut-off). All liposome preparations are filter sterilizedusing Millex-GV 0.22 μm sterile filter units (Millipore Bedford, Mass.USA), assayed for lipid and drug concentrations then diluted to thedesired concentration using sterile buffer (20 mM HEPES 140 mM NaCl, pH7.4). The final lipid to drug molar ratio of 20:1 was typically obtainedfor all formulations.

The long circulating, sterically stabilized HBBA-R2 and HBEA-R1/2liposome (SL) and immunoliposome (SIL) formulations are composed ofDPPC/maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE (94:6 molar ratio) andDSPC/Cholesterol/maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE (64:30:6 molar ratio)respectively. Control HBBA-R2 liposomes (CL) are composed of DPPC/DPPG(9:1 molar ratio). DSPC, DPPC, DPPG and Cholesterol were purchased fromAvanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Ala., USA) and maleimide-PEG2000-DSPEwas purchased from Shearwater Polymers Inc. (Huntsville, Ala., USA).

Two methods were used to load hypocrellins into liposomes. HBBA-R2 wasloaded into pre-formed SL and SIL by a solvent injection method at a15:1 lipid to drug molar ratio. HBBA-R2 was loaded into CL (15:1lipid:drug) and HBEA-R1/2 was loaded into SL and SIL (2:1 lipid:drug) bya solvent dilution method.

For the solvent injection method, liposomes are first prepared byhydrating a dried thin film, of various lipids, to a final concentrationof 10 mM lipid with either 20 mM HEPES 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 for SL prepsor 20 mM MOPSO 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.7 for SIL preps. The drug, dissolved insolvent (approx. 10-20 mM in methanol or approx. 5-10 mM in PEG300), isheated to 65° C. and injected, drop wise, into a 65° C. solution ofliposomes.

For the solvent dilution method the lipids and drug are first mixedtogether from stock solutions in organic solvent then dried. Eithermethanol or PEG300 was then added to give a final lipid concentration of200 mM or 50 mM respectively. Liposomes were formed when the lipid anddrug solution was slowly diluted to 10 mM lipid at 65° C. with theaddition of small aliquots of heated buffer (20 mM HEPES 140 mM NaCl, pH7.4 for CL and SL preps or 20 mM MOPSO 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.7 for SILpreps).

The resulting hypocrellin-liposomes are extruded through 80 nmpolycarbonate membranes using a Lipex Biomembranes (North Vancouver, BC)extrusion device to give an average vesicle size of 100 nm. Theliposomes are then purified by gel filtration and assayed for lipid anddrug concentrations. The final lipid to drug molar ratio of 20:1 wastypically obtained for all formulations.

Immunoliposomes were produced as follows: The antibody was firstdissolved in 20 mM pyrophosphate buffer (pH8.0) then incubated with15-30 molar excess of 2-iminothiolane for 1 hour at 22° C. The thiolatedantibody was purified and the pH lowered by gel chromatography using 20mM MOPSO 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.7 buffer. The thiolated antibody wasincubated at a concentration of 25-50 μgMAb/μmole lipid overnight at 22°C. with maleimide-liposomes (described above). Unbound antibody wasremoved by gel filtration, eluting with 20 mM HEPES 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4buffer. Approximately 90-95% of the antibody was bound to the liposomes.

If necessary, the hypocrellin-liposomes solutions were concentratedusing Amicon, Inc (Beverly, Mass. USA) Centricon or Sartorious AG.(Goettingen, Germany) Centrisart I centrifugal concentrators (100,000 or300,000 MW cut-off respectively).

EXAMPLE 16 Photodynamic Therapy in a Tumor-bearing Mouse Model

BALB/c mice were injected with 2×10⁶413BCR cells into the right flanks.c. Tumors appeared after 7-10 days. When tumors reached a diameter ofabout 5 mm, a conjugate according to Example 15, or a control liposomewith drug, but a different IgG1, were injected i.v. at 1 mg/kg. Twohours later, mice were irradiated with a slide projector at >590 nm (redcut-off filter), 40 J/cm², 20 mW/cm². Control mice were not irradiated.The results are shown in FIG. 6. These results show that the conjugateaccording to the invention completely cures the tumor in the presence oflight.

EXAMPLE 17 Mouse Tumor Survival Studies

CB6F1 mice were immunized three times before tumor implantation withAlt-1 binding agent, with PBS, with mouse IgG1 or with an unrelatedmouse monoclonal antibody (50 μg in 0.2 ml PBS, i.v.). Mice wereimplanted with MT tumor cell line 410.4, a mouse breast cancer cell linetransfected with full-length MUC-1 DNA. The tumor cells were injectedi.v., 2×10⁵ cells/mouse and developed metastases in the lungs. One weekafter tumor implantation, the mice were again immunized with Alt-1binding agent, with mouse IgG1 or with an unrelated mouse monoclonalantibody (50 μg in 0.2 ml PBS). The mice were observed every other dayfor general condition changes, including weight, eyes and fur. The micewere euthanized if showing signs of being very sick or losing more than25% of original weight. Mouse Mouse Mouse Mouse Mouse Me- Group #1 #2 #3#4 #5 dian Mean PBS 40 40 51 63 65 51 51.8 MuIgG1 54 63 75 103 104 7581.8 unrel. 48 50 63 80 89 63 66.0 Alt-1 47 63 120 120 120 120 94.0

These results show that Alt-1 alone provides statistically significantprotection from tumor cells expressing MUC-1 (P=0.038 against PBS;P=0.159 against unrelated antibody.

EXAMPLE 18 Establishment of HAMA Response in Human Patients

Seventeen patients were treated with Alt-1 antibody. Fourteen werefemale, of which eleven had breast cancer. Other cancers treated werethyroid (1), colon (2), endometrial (1), uterine (1) and salivary (1).Alt-1 was administered by intravenous infusion over 20-30 minutes atweek 1, 3, 5, 9, 13 and 17. Dosing was in three cohorts, 1, 2 and 4 mgper patient. For the 1 mg cohort, 2 of 5 patients showed some increasein HAMA, one showed an increase to >200 ng/ml, and one showed anincrease to over 2000 ng/ml. For the 2 mg cohort, all 5 patients showedsome increase in HAMA, with two patients showing an increase >200 ng/mland 1 patient showing an increase >2000 ng/ml. For the 4 mg cohort, 2patients showed some increase in HAMA, both to >200 ng/ml. HAMA is takenas an indication of the extent of overall immune response generatedagainst the antigen. Accordingly, these results suggest that as littleas 1-2 mg of Alt-1 can induce a powerful immune response.

EXAMPLE 19 Reduction in Tumor-specific Antigen

Patients were treated as described in Example 18. Serial measurements oftumor antigen CA15.3 were obtained using a commercially available MUC-1assay. The percent of patients who exhibited stabilization or reductionin CA15.3 levels included no patients at 1 mg Alt-1, 80% at 2 mg and 60%at 4 mg. Maximal reduction was observed for two patients in the 2 mgdose group who experienced 37% and 25% drops respectively.

EXAMPLE 20 Ab2 formation

Patients were treated as described in Example 18. Levels of Ab2 weretaken at the end of the study. Two patients in the 2 mg dose group hadAb2 levels >1240 U/ml and 1784 U/ml, respectively. One patient in the 4mg dose group had Ab2 levels >1102 U/ml. The normal range is 0-200 U/ml.

EXAMPLE 21 Formation of Anti-MUC-1 Antibodies

Patients were treated as described in Example 18. Levels of anti-MUC-1antibodies were taken at the end of the study. In the 2 mg dose grouptwo patients exceeded the baseline value by >3×, at 667 U/ml and 2464U/ml, respectively. Two patients from the 1 mg treatment group and onepatient from the 4 mg dose group had anti-MUC-1 antibody levels 3×thebaseline level. The normal level is 30-250 U/ml. Taken together, thesedata indicate that the 2 mg dose is probably optimal.

1. A therapeutic composition consisting essentially of anon-radiolabeled binding agent that specifically binds to an epitope oftumor-associated MUC-1 and that is effective in therapeutically treatinga mammal having a tumor that expresses a tumor-associated MUC-1.
 2. Atherapeutic composition comprising a binding agent, other than HMFG1,that specifically binds to an epitope of tumor-associated MUC-1 and thatis effective in therapeutically treating a mammal having a tumor thatexpresses a tumor-associated MUC-1.
 3. A therapeutic compositioncomprising a binding agent that specifically binds to both soluble andtumor-bound tumor-associated MUC-1 and that is effective intherapeutically treating a mammal having a tumor that expresses atumor-associated MUC-1.
 4. The therapeutic composition according toclaim 2, wherein the binding agent is not a monoclonal antibody selectedfrom: HMPV, VU-3-C6, MF06, VU-11-D1, MF30, BCP8, DF3, BC2, B27.29,VU-3-D1, 7540MR, MF11, Bc4E549, VU-11-E2, M38, E29, GP1.4, 214D4,BC4W154, HMFG-2, C595, Mc5 and A76-A/C7. 5-37. (Cancelled).
 38. A methodfor therapeutically treating a mammal bearing a tumor, the methodcomprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a bindingagent according to claim
 3. 39. (Cancelled)
 40. The therapeuticcomposition according to claim 1 wherein the binding agent induces ananti-idiotype response and a cellular immune response in the mammal. 41.The therapeutic composition according to claim 2 wherein the bindingagent induces an anti-idiotype response and a cellular immune responsein the mammal.
 42. The therapeutic composition according to claim 3wherein the binding agent induces an anti-idiotype response and acellular immune response in the mammal.
 43. A binding agent that bindsimmunological determinants from amino acid residues of a peptide havingthe amino acid sequence DTRPAP.
 44. A binding agent which binds the sameepitope as Alt-1.
 45. Alt-1.
 46. A therapeutic composition comprising abinding agent selected from the group consisting of the binding agentaccording to claim
 43. 47. A therapeutic composition comprising abinding agent selected from the group consisting of the binding agentaccording to claim
 44. 48. A therapeutic composition comprising abinding agent selected from the group consisting of the binding agentaccording to claim
 45. 49. A therapeutic composition comprising anactivated binding agent that specifically binds to an epitope oftumor-associated MUC-1 and that is effective in therapeutically treatinga mammal having a tumor that expresses a tumor-associated MUC-1.
 50. Thetherapeutic composition according to claim 43, wherein the binding agentis photoactivated.
 51. The therapeutic composition according to claim44, wherein the binding agent is photoactivated.
 52. The therapeuticcomposition according to claim 45, wherein the binding agent isphotoactivated.
 53. The therapeutic composition according to claim 2,wherein the binding agent is coupled to a photodynamic agent.
 54. Thetherapeutic composition according to claim 53, wherein photodynamicagents include hypocrellins and hypocrellin derivatives.
 55. Thetherapeutic composition according to claim 1, wherein the epitopecomprises an immunological determinant that includes carbohydrate. 56.The therapeutic composition according to claim 2, wherein the epitopecomprises an immunological determinant that includes carbohydrate.
 57. Amethod for therapeutically treating a mammal bearing a tumor, the methodcomprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of atherapeutic composition according to any one of claims 1-4, 40-42 and46-54.
 58. A method for therapeutically treating a mammal bearing atumor, the method comprising administering to the mammal an effectiveamount of a therapeutic composition comprising a binding agent thatspecifically binds to an epitope of tumor-associated MUC-1 and that iseffective in therapeutically treating a mammal having a tumor thatexpresses a tumor-associated MUC-1, wherein the effective amount is adosage of less than about 8 mg/30 kg body weight.
 59. A method fortherapeutically treating a mammal bearing a tumor, the method comprisingintravenously administering to the mammal an effective amount of atherapeutic composition comprising a binding agent that specificallybinds to an epitope of tumor-associated MUC-1 and that is effective intherapeutically treating a mammal having a tumor that expresses atumor-associated MUC-1.
 60. A method for therapeutically treating amammal bearing a tumor, the method comprising subcutaneouslyadministering to the mammal an effective amount of a therapeuticcomposition comprising a binding agent that specifically binds to anepitope of tumor-associated MUC-1 and that is effective intherapeutically treating a mammal having a tumor that expresses atumor-associated MUC-1.
 61. A method for therapeutically treating amammal bearing a tumor, wherein the animal has a baseline level ofanti-MUC-1 antibody, the method comprising subcutaneously administeringto the mammal an amount of a therapeutic composition comprising abinding agent that specifically binds to an epitope of tumor-associatedMUC-1 that causes an increase of at least 3-fold in anti-MUC-1 antibodycompared to the baseline level and that is effective in therapeuticallytreating a mammal having a tumor that expresses a tumor-associatedMUC-1.
 62. The method according to claim 57, wherein the binding agentis administered intravenously.
 63. The method according to claim 57,wherein the binding agent is administered subcutaneously.
 64. The methodaccording to claim 58, wherein the binding agent is administeredintravenously.
 65. The method according to claim 58, wherein the bindingagent is administered subcutaneously.
 66. The method according to claim57, wherein the effective amount is less than 8 mg/30 kg body weight.67. The method according to claim 66, wherein the binding agent isadministered at a dosage of less than about 3 mg/30 kg body weight. 68.The method according to claim 67, wherein the binding agent isadministered at a dosage of about 2 mg/patient.
 69. The method accordingto claim 67, wherein the binding agent is administered at a dosage offrom about 0.5 to about 2 mg/30 kg body weight.
 70. The method accordingto claim 69, wherein the binding agent is administered at a dosage offrom about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/30 kg body weight.
 71. The methodaccording to claim 70, wherein the binding agent is administered at adosage of about 1 mg/30 kg body weight.
 72. The method according toclaim 57, wherein the binding agent is administered at a dosage that isthe maximum amount of binding agent that does not induceantibody-mediated toxicity.
 73. The method according to claim 57,wherein the binding agent is administered at a dosage that is themaximum amount of binding agent that does not produce ADCC or CDC. 74.The method according to claim 57, wherein the binding agent isadministered at a dosage that elicits a HAXA response >200 U/ml.
 75. Themethod according to claim 74, wherein the binding agent is administeredat a dosage that elicits a HAXA response >2000 U/ml.
 76. The methodaccording to claim 74, wherein the HAXA response is a HAMA response. 77.The method according to claim 57, wherein the binding agent isadministered at a dosage that reduces the level of tumor antigen CA15.378. The method according to claim 75, further comprising irradiating themammal with a visible light source.
 79. The method according to any oneof claims 58-60 and 64-65, wherein the effective amount is less than 8mg/30 kg body weight.
 80. The method according to claim 79, wherein thebinding agent is administered at a dosage of less than about 3 mg/30 kgbody weight.
 81. The method according to claim 80, wherein the bindingagent is administered at a dosage of about 2 mg/patient.
 82. The methodaccording to claim 80, wherein the binding agent is administered at adosage of from about 0.5 to about 2 mg/30 kg body weight.
 83. The methodaccording to claim 82, wherein the binding agent is administered at adosage of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/30 kg body weight.
 84. Themethod according to claim 83, wherein the binding agent is administeredat a dosage of about 1 mg/30 kg body weight.
 85. The method according toany one of claims 58-60 and 64-65, wherein the binding agent isadministered at a dosage that is the maximum amount of binding agentthat does not induce antibody-mediated toxicity.
 86. The methodaccording to any one of claims 58-60 and 64-65, wherein the bindingagent is administered at a dosage that is the maximum amount of bindingagent that does not produce ADCC or CDC.
 87. The method according to anyone of claims 58-60 and 64-65, wherein the binding agent is administeredat a dosage that elicits a HAXA response >200 U/ml.
 88. The methodaccording to claim 87, wherein the binding agent is administered at adosage that elicits a HAXA response >2000 U/ml.
 89. The method accordingto claim 87, wherein the HAXA response is a HAMA response.
 90. Themethod according to any one of claims 58-60 and 64-65, wherein thebinding agent is administered at a dosage that reduces the level oftumor antigen CA15.3.
 91. The method according to claim 59 wherein thebinding agent is administered in the absence of an adjuvant.
 92. Themethod according to claims 58 or 65, wherein the binding agent isadministered in the presence of an adjuvant.
 93. A method fortherapeutically treating a mammal bearing a tumor, the method comprisingadministering to the mammal an effective amount of a therapeuticcomposition according to claim 53 or
 54. 94. The method according toclaim 57, wherein the binding agent binds both circulating andtumor-bound MUC-1.